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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practised in 30 countries in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa,〔 in parts of the Middle East〔(FGM - Where is it practiced? ) European Campaign on FGM & Amnesty International (2012)〕〔(Tackling Female Genital Mutilation in the Kurdistan Region ) Sofia Barbarani, The Kurdistan Tribune (March 4, 2013)〕 and Asia,〔World Health Organization, Female genital mutilation: an overview. 1998, Geneva: World Health Organization〕〔William G. Clarence-Smith (2012) ‘Female Circumcision in Southeast Asia since the Coming of Islam’, in Chitra Raghavan and James P. Levine (eds.), Self-Determination and Women’s Rights in Muslim Societies, Brandeis University Press; ISBN 978-1611682809; see pages 124-146〕 and within some immigrant communities in Europe, North America and Australia.〔〔(Care of women with female genital mutilation/ cutting - A Review ) Jasmine Abdulcadira, Christiane Margairazb, Michel Boulvaina, Olivier Irion; Swiss Medical Weekly (Geneva), 2011; 140:w13137; doi: 10.4414/smw.2011.13137〕 The WHO defines the practice as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons."〔("Female genital mutilation" ), World Health Organization, February 2010.〕 According to a 2013 UNICEF report covering 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East, Egypt has the region's highest total number with 27.2 million women having undergone FGM, while Somalia has the highest prevalence rate of FGM at 98%.〔 Estimates about the prevalence of FGM vary by source. ==Classifications of FGM== (詳細はclitoral hood, the skin around the clitoris (''Ia''), with partial or complete removal of the clitoris (''Ib''); *Type II: removal of the labia minora (''IIa''), with partial or complete removal of the clitoris (''IIb'') and the labia majora (''IIc''); *Type III: removal of all or part of the labia minora (''IIIa'') and labia majora (''IIIb''), and the stitching of a seal across the vagina, leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood (infibulation); *Type IV: other miscellaneous acts, including cauterization of the clitoris, cutting of the vagina (gishiri cutting), and introducing corrosive substances into the vagina to tighten it.〔Momoh, Comfort (ed). ("Female Genital Mutilation" ), Radcliffe Publishing, 2005, pp. 6–7.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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